Sayyed Mohammad Ayati Najaf Abadi; Mahmoud Bagheri
Abstract
Legitimate expectations is a concept or doctrine that is usually invoked by investors inlawsuits against the host state in courts and arbitration tribunals for breach of commitments(by the host state of capital)thathave disrupted their investments;although these claims are not essentially based on explicit ...
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Legitimate expectations is a concept or doctrine that is usually invoked by investors inlawsuits against the host state in courts and arbitration tribunals for breach of commitments(by the host state of capital)thathave disrupted their investments;although these claims are not essentially based on explicit written agreements.What the concept of legitimate expectations entails is not very clear, and arbitration tribunals also differ in their practice due to the fluidity of the concept.It should be said that legitimate expectations have been mainly used as a component (or one of the essential elements)of the standard of fair and equitable treatment(FET)although some have argued that it may have become an independent doctrine or possibly a general principle of international law.The inclusion of this concept in the national or constitutional law of countries has certainly provided more protection and guarantee for investors,which is often to the detriment of the host countries of capital.Specifically,host developing countries have done and continue to do so.These countries sometimes found themselves in conflict with the extensive expectations of investors that they did not expect.Despite this, the legal basis for the application of this concept in international law has not been examined accurately.This research examines the concept of legitimate expectations and its meaning and content, its legal and legal basis in international investment law,the disadvantages it has for host states,how to limit the application(and potential impact)of this concept by host states and examines the possibility of creating legal and legitimate expectations required from investors in favour of host countries and their citizens.
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Sayyed Mohammad Ayati Najaf Abadi; Mahmood Bagheri
Abstract
The article774 of the Civil law of Iran has annulled the pledge of debt and interest by specifying the necessity of the property subject to mortgage to be the same. The article 772 of the Civil law also considers the deliverance as a condition for the validity of the mortgage contract. Accordingly, the ...
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The article774 of the Civil law of Iran has annulled the pledge of debt and interest by specifying the necessity of the property subject to mortgage to be the same. The article 772 of the Civil law also considers the deliverance as a condition for the validity of the mortgage contract. Accordingly, the mortgage of debt and intangible property is the matter of disputation. From another angle, the ever-increasing expansion of needs requires the Iran’s mortgage-rights related laws to change to be more efficient. We should be conscious to the main theme and core of issues and be cognizant toward the purpose of rights so as not to be mixed and confused with established subjectivities. While aligning with the existing regulations of developed countries such as England and France, the expectations related to the economy and to the facts should also be answered appropriately. Also, the abovementioned laws should have the flexibility to set the stage for a significant amount of assets to be subjected to mortgage. In this regard, in this study, the authors aim at addressing the following issues: the current situation of Iran’s mortgage rights by relying on debt mortgages and deliverance and the reasons for restrictions. Then, the development of the issue of mortgage in the outside world has been discussed by relying on the field of banking law, and it has also been pointed out that the concepts of law underwent changes with the rise of Napoléon Bonaparte and the emergence of the modern government, as a result of which concepts such as possession and objectivity became less important. Also, a comparative comparison with countries such as France, England, America and Egypt has been made in order to reach a proportionate economic approach, and finally a solution to solve the above problem has been suggested.
